Este
artículo forma parte de una serie de varios artículos que tratan los
distintos tipos de routing en IPV4 e IPV6 para CCNA R&S, para ir al
índice del curso
tienes este link:
Routing estático parte 2:
En el artículo anterior vimos la
necesidad de rutas estáticas, como se configuraban, y como se
verificaban. En este artículo, partiendo de los mismos comandos
vamos a complicar un poco el asunto. Lo único que vamos a añadir
son las interfaces loopback.
Interfaces loopback:
Son interfaces que no están conectadas
a nada, pero a las que se les puede poner ip, y que te permiten tener
una interfaz siempre conectada. Se suelen utilizar para identificar
al router, para administrarlo…etc. A efectos prácticos son
interfaces siempre conectadas, que solo están conectadas en el
router que las tiene configuradas. Al estar conectadas a un único
equipo prácticamente siempre tienen máscaras /32.
R1(config)#int loop 0
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1
*Mar 1 02:35:01.411: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
Partiendo de la siguiente topología:
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.2
R2(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1
R2(config)#ip route 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.3
R2(config)#ip route 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.3
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.3
R2(config)#ip route 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.3 250
R2(config)#ip route 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.4
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.4
R2(config)#ip route 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.4 250
R2(config)#ip route 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.4 250
R3(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.2
R3(config)#ip route 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.2
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
R3(config)#ip route 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 192.168.3.5
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
R3(config)#ip route 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.2
R4(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.2
R4(config)#ip route 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.2
R4(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
R4(config)#ip route 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 192.168.4.5
R4(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
R4(config)#ip route 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 192.168.2.2
R5(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.3
R5(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.4.4
Ping a todo desde R1:
R1#ping 2.2.2.2 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 16/24/36 ms
R1#ping 3.3.3.3 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 3.3.3.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 36/42/48 ms
R1#ping 4.4.4.4 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4.4.4.4, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/42/72 ms
R1#ping 5.5.5.5 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 5.5.5.5, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/63/100 ms
R1#ping 192.168.1.3 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/39/64 ms
R1#ping 192.168.2.4 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.4, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 36/40/48 ms
R1#ping 192.168.3.5 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.5, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 44/59/88 ms
R1#ping 192.168.4.5 source loop 0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.4.5, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 1.1.1.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 44/56/68 ms
Tablas de routing:
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.0.2 to network 0.0.0.0
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.0.2
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 1.1.1.1 [1/0] via 192.168.0.1
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 2.2.2.2 is directly connected, Loopback0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 3.3.3.3 [1/0] via 192.168.1.3
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 4.4.4.4 [1/0] via 192.168.2.4
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 5.5.5.5 [1/0] via 192.168.1.3
S 192.168.4.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.4
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet1/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet1/1
S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.3
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 1.1.1.1 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 2.2.2.2 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 4.4.4.4 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 5.5.5.5 [1/0] via 192.168.3.5
S 192.168.4.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
S 192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R4#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 1.1.1.1 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 2.2.2.2 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 3.3.3.3 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 4.4.4.4 is directly connected, Loopback0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 5.5.5.5 [1/0] via 192.168.4.5
C 192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
S 192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S 192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2
R5#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.4.4 to network 0.0.0.0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 5.5.5.5 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.4.4
[1/0] via 192.168.3.3
Conclusiones:
Una ruta 0.0.0.0/0 es una ruta por
defecto, lo que engloba a cualquier red(R1 y R5).
Cuando ponemos dos rutas al mismo
destino, pero con distancia administrativa diferente, la que tiene la
menor distancia administrativa se usara en la tabla de routing, y la
otra ruta solo aparecerá cuando la interfaz de salida de la primera
ruta se pierda(R2).
Cuando tenemos dos rutas iguales y, con
la misma distancia administrativa. Lo que hace el router es repartir
los paquetes, alternándolos por ambas rutas.
Ejercicio para alumnos de nota:
Encuentra en que condiciones se
produce tráfico asimétrico(la ida y la vuelta no van por el mismo
camino).
Encuentra en que condiciones se
produce un bucle de routing(dos routers se pasan los paquetes para
llegar al destino el uno al otro, sin que salgan de ahí).